Concepts
Asynchronous

1. Show the execution of 3 asynchronous block of code, one after the other in sequence

  • The asynchronous block of code can be a function which executes asynchronously
  • The execution of such function can be simulated using setTimeout to with delay and execute different blocks of code inside each
function asyncFunc() {
  console.log("Started asyncFunc1");
  //Async1 code
  setTimeout(() => {
    console.log("Completed asyncFunc1");
    console.log("Started asyncFunc2");
    //Async2 code
    setTimeout(() => {
      console.log("Completed asyncFunc2");
      console.log("Started asyncFunc3");
      //Async3 function code
      setTimeout(() => {
        console.log("Completed asyncFunc3");
      }, 1000);
    }, 2000);
  }, 3000);
}
asyncFunc();

Notes

The nested blocks of statements shown in the comments which get executed one after the other in sequence

2. Write a code to make xmlHTTPRequest to get data from the server asynchronously

  • XMLHttpRequest (XHR) objects are used to interact with server to retrieve data from a URL without having to do a full page refresh
  • XHR requests can be initiated by creating the object and providing the arguments such as 'method', url etc
  • The success and failure of the request can be managed by callbacks
const xhr = new XMLHttpRequest();
xhr.open("GET", url);
xhr.onload = function () {
  console.log(this.response);
};
xhr.onerror = function () {
  console.log(this.statusText);
};
xhr.send();

Notes

XHR is used mainly in AJAX programming

References

3. Show the working of promise along with resolve & reject code

  • The Promise object represents the eventual completion (or failure) of an asynchronous operation and its resulting value
  • Promise returns an object which ramains in pending state until it is resolved or rejected
  • Promise takes a function as an argument called as 'resolver' which can have resolve and reject as parameters
  • Resolve call will resolve the promise and reject will reject the promise (passing data is optional)
  • then method on promise object is used to execute the user code after promise settles, which takes functions where 1st one is for success and 2nd for failure
  • Functions with success and failure of the promises are used to illustrate the basics of promise code
function asyncResolveFunc() {
  function resolver(resolve, reject) {
    resolve("Success");
  }
  return new Promise(resolver);
}
function asyncRejectFunc() {
  function resolver(resolve, reject) {
    reject("Failure");
  }
  return new Promise(resolver);
}
// driver code
const promiseSuccess = asyncResolveFunc();
const promiseFailure = asyncRejectFunc();
// Succeeded promise .then executes first function passed as argument
promiseSuccess.then(
  (successData) => {
    console.log(successData);
  },
  (failureData) => {
    console.log(failureData);
  }
);
// Failed promise .then executes second function passed as argument
promiseFailure.then(
  (successData) => {
    console.log(successData);
  },
  (failureData) => {
    console.log(failureData);
  }
);

Notes

Once the promise is resolved or rejected, status will not change

References

4. Wrap the setTimeout function to convert to a promise

  • Promise can be used to wrap the setTimeout to make the code more readable
  • Function can take delay as argument and return a promise which gets resolved after timeout is complete
function setTimeoutPromise(delay) {
  function resolver(resolve) {
    setTimeout(resolve, delay);
  }
  return new Promise(resolver);
}
// driver code
console.log("Task started");
const timeoutPromise = setTimeoutPromise(3000);
timeoutPromise.then(() => {
  console.log("Task completed");
});

References

5. Convert the xmlHTTPRequest to promise based function to get the data from the server asynchronously (fetch)

  • The Promise can be used to wrap the XHR request and provide cleaner interface to user for AJAX requests
  • Success and failure of the XHR request can be handled to resolve or reject the promise respectively
function fetchData(url) {
  return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
    const xhr = new XMLHttpRequest();
    xhr.open("GET", url);
    xhr.onload = function () {
      try {
        if (this.status === 200) {
          resolve(this);
        } else {
          reject(this);
        }
      } catch (e) {
        reject(e);
      }
    };
    xhr.onerror = function () {
      reject(this);
    };
    xhr.send();
  });
}
// driver code
fetchData("https://reqbin.com/echo/get/json")
  .then((data) => {
    console.log(data);
  })
  .catch((err) => console.log(err));

Notes

XHR reuqest is no more in use and all the modern browsers use fetch API which is based on promise

References

6. Make a fetch request to retrieve and store JSON data from server

  • Fetch API is provided by the browser which returns a promise
  • Fetch takes url as the 1st argument and an object with request details as 2nd optional argument
  • Response is a streamable object and hence we will have to invoke JSON / text method on it which returns promise which settles to the data
const response = fetch("https://reqbin.com/echo/get/json", {
  method: "GET", // *GET, POST, PUT, DELETE, etc
  headers: {
    "Content-Type": "application/json", // header
  },
});
// driver code
response
  .then((response) => {
    const responseData = response.json();
    responseData.then((data) => {
      console.log(data);
    });
  })
  .catch((err) => {
    console.log(err);
  });

References

7. Cancel a fetch request

  • AbortController is an interface which can be used to abort a fetch request
  • signal object of the AbortController object can be used as the part of the argument to fetch and abort on controller object can be used to stop the request
const controller = new AbortController();
var signal = controller.signal;
fetch(url, { signal })
  .then((response) => {
    console.log(response);
  })
  .catch((err) => {
    console.warn(err);
  });
controller.abort();

References

8. Show the working of async await work with promises

  • async functions are asynchronous functions in which the asynchrous code can be executed in synchronous looking manner using await
  • await expects a promise and the execution will stop until the promise is resolved
  • If promise gets rejected, error is thrown with failure reason which can be handled using simple try-catch block
async function asyncAwaitFunc() {
  try {
    console.log("Executes normally when invoked");
    await promiseReturningFunc();
    console.log("Continues the execution after promise resolution");
  } catch (err) {
    console.log("Error occured: " + err);
  }
}

Notes

await keyword can only be used in a async function

References

9. Write a code to resolve all the list of asynchronous executions of promises and stop if any of them is rejected. Print the output accordingly

  • Promise.all is the method which helps to achieve the functionality which settles if all the promises are resolved or any of them are rejected
  • It receives array of promises as an argument to it
  • Array of results will be the success data if all the promises resolves or the error data on failure of the first one
const asyncArr = [async1, async2, async3];
const promiseArr = asyncArr.map((async) => async());
finalResolution = Promise.all(promiseArr);
finalResolution
  .then((output) => {
    for (let data of output) {
      console.log(data);
    }
  })
  .catch((err) => console.log(err));
const asyncArr = [async1, async2, async3];
const promiseArr = asyncArr.map((async) => async());
(async function () {
  try {
    output = await Promise.all(promiseArr);
    for (let data of output) {
      console.log(data);
    }
  } catch (err) {
    console.log(err);
  }
})();

Notes

On failure of one of the promise, rest of the pending promises will be cancelled

References

10. Write a code to resolve all the list of asynchronous executions of promises no matter if each execution succeeds or fails. Print the output of each

  • Promise.allSettled is the method which helps to achieve the functionality which completes after all promises settle no matter of failures
  • It receives array of promises as an argument to it
  • Array of results will be the output after completion of all promises with status as 'fulfilled' or 'rejected'
const asyncArr = [async1, async2, async3];
const promiseArr = asyncArr.map((async) => async());
finalResolution = Promise.allSettled(promiseArr);
finalResolution
  .then((output) => {
    for (let data of output) {
      if (data.status === "fulfilled")
        console.log(data.status + ": " + data.value);
      else if (data.status === "rejected")
        console.log(data.status + ": " + data.reason);
    }
  })
  .catch((err) => {
    console.log(err);
  });
const asyncArr = [async1, async2, async3];
const promiseArr = asyncArr.map((async) => async());
(async function () {
  try {
    output = await Promise.allSettled(promiseArr);
    for (let data of output) {
      if (data.status === "fulfilled")
        console.log(data.status + ": " + data.value);
      else if (data.status === "rejected")
        console.log(data.status + ": " + data.reason);
    }
  } catch (err) {
    console.log(err);
  }
})();

References

11. Explain the working of Promise.race with few asynchronous function example

  • The Promise.race method returns a promise that fulfills or rejects as soon as one of the promises fulfills or rejects, with the success or failure
function asyncFunc1() {
  return new Promise((resolve) =>
    setTimeout(() => {
      resolve("Resolved async1");
    }, 2000)
  );
}
function asyncFunc2() {
  return new Promise((resolve) =>
    setTimeout(() => {
      resolve("Resolved async2");
    }, 3000)
  );
}
function asyncFunc3() {
  return new Promise((resolve, reject) =>
    setTimeout(() => {
      reject("Rejected async3");
    }, 1000)
  );
}
// driver code
const asyncArr = [asyncFunc1, asyncFunc2, asyncFunc3];
const promiseArr = asyncArr.map((async) => async());
Promise.race(promiseArr).then(console.log).catch(console.log); // Rejected async3 (catch block)

References

12. Show me the working of a generator function

  • Generators are functions that can be exited and later re-entered
  • Generator function will have * after the keyword function
  • Generator when called returns an iterator which can be used to call next on it
  • yield keyword can be used inside such a function and stops the execution
function* generatorFunc(param) {
  const num1 = yield;
  const num2 = yield;
  return num1 + num2;
}
// driver code
const it = generatorFunc();
it.next(); // { value: undefined, done: false}
it.next(3); // { value: undefined, done: false}
const sum = it.next(5); // { value: 8, done: true }
sum.value; // 8

Notes

Data between generator and iterator can be passed in both direction

References

13. Write a generator function which uses another generator function internally to fetch the values. Use for..of loop to consume the values

  • Generator with the generator can be used to fetch the values using yield*
  • The code consuming the parent generator need to be aware of it and can be used directly
  • As the generator return iterator, for..of loop can be used on generator
function* gen1() {
  yield 1;
  yield* gen2();
  yield 4;
}
function* gen2() {
  yield 2;
  yield 3;
}
// driver code
for (let value of gen1()) {
  console.log(value);
}

References

14. Write an interface to mock Promise in JavaScript which can be called to create a promise with resolve and reject. Also implement then functionality

  • Basic promise interface will allow creation of promise by passing resolver as the argument
  • resolve and reject methods will have to be passed to the resolver which the user code will ivoke with data once settled
  • setTimeout with zero delay can be used to not immediately execute the resolver
  • List of callbacks to then to be invoked can be stores in the array of success and failure list
  • Once resolved or rejected, promise cannot change the state
function MyPromise(resolver) {
  let successList = [];
  let failureList = [];
  let resolution = "pending";
  let data;
  function resolve(value) {
    if (resolution === "pending") {
      for (let successCb of successList) {
        successCb(value);
      }
      resolution = "resolved";
      data = value;
    }
  }
  function reject(value) {
    if (resolution === "pending") {
      for (let failureCb of failureList) {
        failureCb(value);
      }
      resolution = "rejected";
      data = value;
    }
  }
  setTimeout(() => {
    try {
      resolver(resolve, reject);
    } catch (err) {
      reject(err);
    }
  }, 0);
  return {
    status: resolution,
    then: function (onSuccess, onFailure) {
      if (resolution === "pending") {
        successList.push(onSuccess);
        failureList.push(onFailure);
      } else {
        resolution === "resolved" ? onSuccess(data) : onFailure(data);
      }
    },
  };
}
// driver code
let p = new MyPromise((resolve, reject) => {
  resolve(10);
});
p.then((data) => console.log(data), console.log);

Notes

ES6 Promise is much more complex and sophesticated than the above shown implementation.

15. Write a function which helps to achieve the Promise.all functionality using promises

  • Promise.all method is fail fast procedure to return all the promise resolved data in array or failed reason
function PromiseAll(promiseArr) {
  return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
    const dataArr = new Array(promiseArr.length);
    let resolution = "pending";
    for (let index in promiseArr) {
      promiseArr[index].then(
        (data) => {
          if (resolution === "pending") {
            dataArr[index] = {
              value: data,
              status: "fulfilled",
            };
            if (!dataArr.includes(undefined)) {
              resolution = "fulfilled";
              resolve(dataArr);
            }
          }
        },
        (err) => {
          if (resolution === "pending") {
            resolution = "rejected";
            reject({
              reason: err,
              status: "rejected",
            });
          }
        }
      );
    }
  });
}
// driver code
PromiseAll([
  new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 1000)),
  new Promise((resolve, reject) => setTimeout(reject, 2000)),
]).then(console.log, console.log);

16. Show the working generator function with promises

  • Generator can be used with promises where yield will return a promise and promise resolution can trigger continuation
  • Helper function is used to manage this flow which takes generator function as an argument and executes it
// asynchronous helper function returning a promise which gets resolved after the specified delay with data
function asyncFunc(data, delay) {
  return new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, delay, data));
}
function* gen() {
  // async function calls to yield promise
  const num1 = yield asyncFunc(2, 1000);
  const num2 = yield asyncFunc(1, 2000);
  console.log(num1 + num2); // 3 (2 + 1)
}
function executeGeneratorWithPromise(gen) {
  const it = gen();
  // takes input as promise from generator
  function handle(promise) {
    if (!promise.done)
      promise.value
        .then((data) => {
          // continue the execution of generator after promise is resolved
          handle(it.next(data));
        })
        .catch((err) => iterator.throw(err));
  }
  handle(it.next());
}
// call generator executor function and pass generator function reference
executeGeneratorWithPromise(gen);

Notes

The generator and the helper function 'executeGeneratorWithPromise' executes hand in hand, where the generator pauses returning a promise and the helper function starts generator on that promise resolution

References

CollectionsPrimitives